The KOBOLD multi-turn rotary encoder outputs up to 8192 (13 bit) unique angular positions per turn. The number of turns is recorded. 4096 (12 bit) unique turns can be made available at the output at present. This represents up to 33.5 million (13 x12 bit) unique positions. They are suitable for angle measurement over more than one shaft rotation, for example longer traverse paths, such as high-bay warehouses, in crane construction and machine tools. The light emitted from an LED is modulated by a code pattern mounted on a rotating disc, and sensed by a special Opto ASIC. A unique bit pattern, typically available as gray code, is assigned to every position. The advantage over incremental rotary encoders is that motion while the encoder is turned off is detected when the encoder is turned on again; the correct position is always available. Advantage: Reference runs, normally needed by incremental systems after switching on, are not required; therefore reliability is increased and no time is wasted.